Alimentazione e benessere

Nella mia esperienza quotidiana di veterinario che si occupa di pesci ornamentali osservo sempre con maggior frequenza casistiche di esemplari che presentano problematiche di salute legate ad un regime alimentare non corretto.

Ecco alcuni esempi:

Red Parrot che si nutre delle pastiglie per loricaridi cui conseguono costipazione e alterata funzionalita’ della vescica natatoria e quindi galleggiamento.

Oranda nutrito con cibo galleggiante, infiammazione della vescica natatoria e galleggiamento.

-Ryukin nutrito con alimentazione industriale e processo infiammatorio della vescica natatoria e conseguente impossibilita’ di riempirla di gas e quindi affondamento.

Discus con dieta a base di pastone di cuore di bue e tendenza al galleggiamento

– Oranda nutriti con mangime in scaglie quantità’ eccessiva e intossicati dalle sostanze azotate prodotte dal loro stesso metabolismo.

Astronotus ocellatus nutrito con pellet di bassa qualita’ e con acidi grassi irranciditi che ha sviluppato un principio di malattia del buco

-Acquario di barriera in cui la quantità’ di mangime somministrata e’ stata eccessiva e ha causato un rapido peggioramento dei parametri dell’acqua che hanno causato un forte stress ai pesci ospitati le cui difese immunitarie sono calate aprendo di fatto ad una infestazione da Oodinium.

Andinoacara rivulatus con malattia del buco causata dalla somministrazione di un unico alimento industriale.

-Astronotus ocellatus nutrito con pellet di bassa qualità’ che ha sviluppato una steatosi epatica fatale.


Tutto questo si puo’ prevenire?

In alcuni casi si ma la risposta non e’ univoca.

Fattori anatomici

Alcune varieta’ di pesce rosso selezionate dall’uomo come ad esempio gli oranda e i ryukin presentano un corpo alto e corto non particolarmente adatto ad ospitare un lungo intestino tipico di una specie con dieta prevalentemente vegetariana.

Inoltre il pesce rosso e’ una specie fisostoma: presenta un dotto che mette in comunicazione l’intestino con la vescica natatoria e quindi facilmente problematiche batteriche o fungine vengono trasmesse dall’intestino alla vescica natatoria.

Quindi nelle selezioni di pesce rosso che si discostano maggiormente dal carassio con corpo basso e allungato questo tipo di problematiche sono purtroppo comuni.

Abitudini alimentari

La tipologia di dieta deve essere in linea con le abitudini alimentari della singola specie quindi ad esempio un pesce vegetariano deve essere alimentato con una dieta principalmente vegetariana mentre un pesce predatore con una dieta prevalentemente proteica.

Qualita

La qualita’ del cibo deve essere superlativa e senza compromessi e proprio per questo motivo preparo cibo surgelato i cui ingredienti (per uso umano) vengono dosati in modo equilibrato in base alle esigenze della specie. Contattami se hai necessita’ di una consulenza alimentare o di una ricetta specifica.

Consiglio di prediligere alimenti surgelati da integrare con complessi vitaminici e di fare un uso marginale di alimenti industriali che spesso vengono prodotti ad alte temperature, di fatto rendendo scarsamente utilizzabili le proteine contenute in essi.

Quantita

Per quanto riguarda invece la quantita’ di cibo sicuramente tante sommistrazioni (4/6 al giorno) di piccole quantita’ di cibo garantiscono una rapida digestione del cibo. In totale il cibo assunto giornalmente da un pesce deve essere pari dal 3% (pesci in crescita) a 1,5% – 2% (pesci adulti).

La tematica dell’alimentazione dei pesci ornamentali e’ molto vasta e a volta necessita di conoscenze specifiche e pertanto e’ facile compiere errori involontariamente.

Se hai dubbi sull’alimentazione migliore da somministrare ai tuoi pesci o vuoi provare una ricetta create in linea con le esigenze nutrizionali dei tuoi pesci non esitare a contattarmi.

TREAT THEM OR REPLACE THEM?

The tendency in the ornamental fish industry on the part of owners is to treat their fish directly by performing a dangerous diagnostic process often lacking any instrumental diagnosis capable of safely pointing out the underlying problem but relying on perhaps many years of experience, the advice of a friend or shopkeeper, or looking for information on enthusiast forums or Internet sites whose sources are not scientifically verifiable.

Here in my opinion in this way you are only seriously endangering the lives of ornamental fish with the risk of losing them and quickly falling out of love with this fantastic hobby. In fact, it is easy to fail to identify the underlying pathology and thus make the wrong treatment, sometimes at the level of active ingredient and sometimes at the level of dosage.

It is interesting to know, however, that ornamental fish can be treated effectively because of the constant advances in fish medicine and that the figure who by professional qualification can take care of them is the veterinary doctor who has had the opportunity to study fish medicine in depth, a subject not covered by the normal university courses of veterinary medicine where the only fish studied are those for food use.

Given, therefore, the assumption that ornamental fish can be cured, it now remains to be understood what leads owners to seek the services of a veterinarian experienced in fish medicine to treat their fish.

The reasons in my opinion can be grouped into two categories: an emotional one and an economic one.

For all owners who have established an emotional link with their fish without a doubt, the motivation that drives them to care for their fish is affective. For them, in fact, the ornamental fish they raise in their freshwater or marine aquariums or in their ponds are real pets and therefore it is natural to care for them, all the more so when their favorites are not well.

Then there are also owners that weight more the economic side and want to preserve the large investment in ornamental fish (think for example of KOI specimens costing several thousand Euros) do not hesitate to contact the vet expert in fish medicine to treat their fish in case of disease, management issues or prophylactic treatments.

What do you do when your fish present health issues?

Do you do your own diagnostic and therapeutic or do you consult a veterinarian experienced in fish medicine?

To learn more, don't hesitate to get in touch with IL VETERINARIO DEI PESCI

FISH SURGERY

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Fish may also need surgery to remove cysts, benign or malignant neoformations, to suture wounds, or to clean skin ulcers and abscesses.

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Fish medicine has made considerable progress over the years about the knowledge regarding analgesia and anesthesia in fish, and therefore protocols are now available that allow for the various stages of anesthesia down to the deepest, which is the so-called surgical stage in which the animal loses all reflexes, slows down its respiratory rate and heart rate, and feels no pain. 

To achieve surgical anesthesia, the fish is placed in a solution containing a specified amount of a water-soluble anesthetic drug that acts by inducing anesthesia in 5 to 10 minutes. 

Once surgical anesthesia is achieved, the fish is placed on a special operating table, sprayed constantly over the body to prevent dehydration of the skin, and undergoes the surgery it needs. 

In order to maintain the surgical anesthesia plan, the fish's gills are constantly flushed with water containing a certain concentration of anesthetic and, of course, the oxygen necessary for the fish to be able to maintain its normal vital functions even out of the water. A circuit is set up that draws the flow of water with anesthetic from a tank below and feeds it through a tube of appropriate caliber into the fish's oral cavity, which is in communication with the gills.

Operations last from 5 -10 minutes to about 1 hour in more complex cases such as removal of neoformations in the abdominal site.

When necessary such as in the case of dieresis to access the abdominal cavity at the end of the procedure, sutures are placed to close the surgical wound and allow for rapid healing.

In order to avoid secondary bacterial infection of the fish, a broad-spectrum, slow-release antibiotic therapy is administered that provides antibiotic coverage for about 2 weeks without the need for topical treatments or antibiotic baths that could stress the fish .

Due to the peculiarity of fish living in water and the difficulty of their transportation, most surgical procedures are performed at the owner's home.

Here is the video illustrating the steps of surgical removal of a neoformation in a goldfish

Do you want to learn more or request an estimate for a surgery for one of your fish? Do not hesitate to contact Dr. Marcello Balzaretti

TIPS FOR CHOOSING HEALTHY FISH

In addition to accruing the skills and experience to create and properly manage the tank another key aspect for ornamental fish breeders is that of choosing healthy specimens to introduce into the tank.

The topic is extremely broad, but in this article I intend to delve only into the aspects involved in choosing a healthy specimen.

First you need to read up on the vital requirements of the species you intend to breed, and once you have decided what to buy you go to your chosen supplier to make the purchase.

A hasty choice or one made without checking certain aspects of the health of the fish to be introduced can lead to serious consequences. If you are unable to make a choice on your own, it can be helpful to get advice from enthusiasts with proven experience or a veterinarian experienced in the health and welfare of ornamental fish.

WHAT ASPECTS NEED TO BE EXPLORED IN THE STORE?

-The state of management of the retailer's or seller's tanks: if the tanks are poorly maintained, it is very likely that the housed fish may have more or less obvious health problems at the time of purchase. My advice in this case is to change vendors.

-Fish behavior: fish should swim normally and feed (ask those who sell you fish to feed them in front of you). If fish behave abnormally, some become isolated or do not eat avoid buying them

-Fish outward appearance: the body of the fish should have the typical coloration of the species and should not have spots, dots, reddened and raised areas nor parasites on the skin. The fins should be well unfolded and have intact margins. In addition, the specimen must show an adequate state of nutrition: a hollow abdomen and visible bone profiles indicate that the specimen is not well nourished and should therefore be discarded.

BUY ONLINE

- buying online or at a distance is even more risky because you do not have the opportunity to examine with your own eyes the health of the fish to be purchased. In this case, it is advisable to contact retailers of proven reliability and have them send you detailed pictures and videos of the specimens to be purchased. 

SO WHAT?

Upon arrival, the fish should be quarantined if they are to be placed in a tank that already contains other specimens and otherwise observed carefully to assess any issues related to their health.

When in doubt, I recommend consulting a physician experienced in fish medicine and not trying therapies without a real diagnostic basis and with dosages whose bibliographic source cannot be verified. 

HOLE IN THE HEAD DISEASE

Hole disease (HITH) - Head and lateral line erosion (HLLE)

Hole in the head disease is a dermopathology that presents as a series of deeply eroded skin areas in the head and lateral line region and affects cichlids (Discus, Angel fish, and Astronotus) and saltwater specimens (e.g., Pomacanthus maculosus). Initially the affected areas are small, but if left untreated the areas tend to enlarge. In itself, the disease is not fatal but it opens the way for secondary bacterial infections and severely affects the aesthetics of affected specimens.

It is a multifactorial disease in which the following factors are involved:

Alteration of the intestinal microbial flora originating from a massive proliferation of flagellated protozoa of the genus Spironucleus that are found in the feces of affected individuals. The intestines of these fish become inflamed and are unable to function properly, thus failing to best absorb the nutrients contained in the administered food.

Incorrect or otherwise unvaried and low in protein feeding. A case is cited in the literature of fish with this condition that were fed a dry feed that had expired more than 2 years ago. Note that incorrect feeding can also trigger a profound alteration of intestinal flora that allows flagellate protozoa of the genus Spironucleus to replicate rapidly.

Filtration with activated charcoal has been shown to be an important factor in causing this condition. In fact, activated charcoal acts by removing important traces of trace elements that are useful for the normal function of the reparative processes of the skin, which therefore comes to be damaged.

How to solve this pathology?

Action must be taken by going to remove the underlying factors of the pathology. 

1) Check for flagellates in the feces and if positive, carry out the appropriate treatments.

2) Formulate a diet appropriate to the needs of the fish being raised and use top-grade food.

3) Remove the activated carbon and perform a total water change.

The erosive areas on the head and lateral line,once the triggers are removed, tend to close spontaneously 15 to 30 days later. 

If you think your fish are suffering from this condition, I advise you to avoid DIY treatments without a diagnosis made by a veterinarian experienced in fish medicine. The chance of misdiagnosis is high, and the risk of administering incorrect treatments is equally high. 

GOLDFISH  BUOYANCY PROBLEMS

I decided to write this short article because I am often contacted by goldfish owners to solve flotation problems for their beloved pets.

What is the symptomatology?

After feeding, the fish tends to float (in the most severe forms) or sink, and in any case with swimming it cannot maintain a stable position in the water column.

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Oranda with inflammation of the swim bladder
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FLOATING ORANDA DUE TO CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE SWIM BLADDER

If no action is taken, the symptomatology can become chronic causing the affected specimen to float almost constantly and rapidly perish and die.

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Thickening of the wall of the cranial lobe of the swim bladder in a case of chronic pathology

What are the causes?

The body shape of particular varieties of goldfish is a predisposing factor for swim bladder inflammation: Orandas and all those varieties with a very short body are particularly susceptible to this problem because the viscera are compressed into too small a space. Small alterations in gut volume immediately affect the function of the swim bladder.

Overfeeding fish increases pressure at the abdominal level by slowing the flow of food to the intestine, which can generate bacterial overgrowths that in turn cause inflammation of the swim bladder. Floating feeds (pellets and flakes) can also alter normal intestinal transit with repercussions on the swim bladder.

How to intervene

First, do not feed the fish for 3 days.

Raise the water temperature to 22-24 degrees C to promote fish metabolism.

Evaluate with a veterinarian experienced in fish medicine whether it is appropriate to administer antibiotic therapy by prolonged immersion, bathing, or intra-muscle or intra-peritoneal injection.

How to prevent

Make sure the amount of food given is appropriate for the animal weight and is divided into 3 to 4 portions per day.

Eliminate the foods that caused the problem.

Feed a varied diet consisting of blanched vegetables, artemia salina, daphnia and frozen Cyclops. Also administer blanched and peeled peas, which are rich in fiber and accelerate intestinal emptying.

Carry out 1 or 2 days of fasting per week

Maintain excellent environmental conditions with frequent major water changes. The chemical and physical parameters of the water should be monitored, and if there is an increase in nitrogenous substances, the proper functioning of the filter should be checked and the necessary water changes should be made to bring the nitrogenous substances to zero

If the symptomatology does not disappear in 1 -2 days, it is advisable to seek advice from a veterinarian experienced in fish medicine to prevent chronicity of this condition.

THE BIOLOGICAL FILTER: THE BASICS

The aquarium is an artificial closed environment within which the biological filter plays a key role in degrading substances from fish metabolism, leftover food, plants and any dead fish.

Without an active and mature biological filter, nitrogenous substances quickly accumulate in the tank causing fish poisoning and death.

Which filter to choose?

You can opt for an aquarium with a built-in internal filter or an external filter or percolator filter.

Each of these solutions has merits and drawbacks so it is worth making a careful choice of the solution most in line with your needs.

What volume should the biological filter have?

The biological filter should be 10-15% of the volume of the tank so for example for a 100-liter tank the volume of the filter will be 10 to 15 liters.

What volume should the filter material have?

The filter material should be about 3 percent of the volume of the tank so a 100-liter tank will have filter material equal to 3 liters.

What flow rate should the pump have?

A pump that is too powerful causes water flow inside the filter to be too fast and does not allow nitrifying bacteria to degrade nitrogen compounds effectively while a pump with too low a flow rate causes inadequate recirculation in the filter resulting in inadequate denitrification.

The flow rate in Lt/h of the pump is calculated by multiplying the volume of filter material needed (3 lt in our case) by 100. This means that in a 100-liter tank with 3 liters of filter material, the pump must have a flow rate of 300 Lt/h

Filter maturation

When a new aquarium is set up, the filter needs to mature: the nitrifying bacteria must settle in the filter material and in order to be active and perform their function of degrading nitrogenous substances, they must be fed nitrogenous substances (food) in the absence of fish. This process lasts until by measurement of nitrogen compounds they arrive at zero values of ammonia/nitrogen, nitrite. Nitrates tend to accumulate and are either used by plants as a source of nutrients or must be removed by changing the water. 

How long does a filter take to mature?

The time required for proper maturation is a function of several variables and therefore no exact data can be given but one method to check it: insert bacterial starters and bacterial cultures, feed the filter by inserting feed in small amounts and measure the values of nitrogenous substances. Note down the values: you will have 3 peaks respectively: the ammonia/nitrogen one, the nitrite one and the nitrate one. At the end of the nitrate one, the filter will be active and the tank will therefore be ready to receive fish. The advice is to monitor the values of nitrogenous substances with high frequency, to gradually insert the fish and to always feed them with an adequate amount of food that is consumed in 2 minutes.

Filter maintenance

The filter material with mechanical function (perlon wool and sponges ) should be rinsed in aquarium water when it tends to clog.The heart of the filter and thus the material on which the nitrifying bacteria are settled should never be rinsed as colonies would be removed and it would start from scratch

Need to evaluate the functionality of your biological filter or want to design a biological filter for your aquarium?

Do not hesitate to GET IN TOUCH WITH IL VETERINARIO DEI PESCI

FISH MEDICINE

How many times have you tried to treat the diseases of your ornamental fishes by trying to interpret the symptomatology and applying treatment from information found on the Internet?

And what was the result?

In my opinion for the respect and protection of your fish's health, this trend of "do-it-yourself diagnostic and therapeutic" causes serious damage that can jeopardize the very life of the fish as the therapies applied in this way lack accurate diagnostic investigation and therapy whose effectiveness is scientifically proven. 

What is the health of your fish value?

In case of diseases of your tropical freshwater or saltwater fish, your goldfish or your precious Koi, you can turn to Dr. Marcello Balzaretti - IL VETERINARIO DEI PESCI to seek advice from a veterinary doctor experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of ornamental fish diseases. Fish medicine made important advances in recent years thanks to the evolution of diagnostic instrumentation. Today, in fact, one can easily perform a radiographic, ultrasound or MRI examination of your fish to better identify the pathology from which it is affected: after inducing anesthesia in an appropriate solution containing an anesthetic drug, the fish can be subjected to any topical medication such as cleaning and disinfection of KOI ulcers, diagnostic examinations or actual surgery to remove any tumor masses that adversely affect the quality' of its life.

The cost of veterinary services to which ornamental fish may be subjected is quite comparable to that normally incurred by owners of other pets such as dogs and cats.

Are you tired of trying to unsuccessfully treat your discus, ornamental fish, KOI, goldfish or caridina? Applying a scientific protocol of diagnosis and treatment allows you to achieve different results.

DO NOT RELY ON UNVERIFIED SOURCES:  GET IN TOUCH WITH IL VETERINARIO DEI PESCI

THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF AQUARIUM WATER.

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Checking the chemical and physical parameters of aquarium water is essential to understand whether our aquarium is in a balanced condition or it is necessary to intervene to change conditions that are unsuitable for the life of our fish.

WHAT PARAMETERS ARE APPROPRIATE TO CHECK?

Temperature: Useful to assess that the temperature is ideal for the species being kept and that it does not undergo sudden changes due, for example, to failure of the heater or to introduction of colder or warmer water

pH: pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions and gives important information about the acidity or basicity of water. There is no absolute optimum pH value, but a suitable pH range must be maintained for the species being raised.

Plants produce carbon dioxide, which reacts with water to form carbon dioxide that acidifies the pH. In the early morning hours therefore the pH value if there are plants reaches the lowest levels.

To acidify the pH, filtration by peat is used, while to alkalize the pH, carbonates are inserted.

Carbonate hardness (KH) is an expression of the ability to buffer downward fluctuations in pH caused by acidic elements (e.g., carbon dioxide) by bicarbonate,carbonate bisulfate, sulfate and borate ions. Biological filters by nitrification continuously remove salts, which must therefore be replaced appropriately to maintain a proper buffering effect.

Total hardness (GH) measures the concentration of calcium and magnesium salts, and its values are schematized as follows

0-4° very soft water

4-8° soft water

8-12° medium hard water

12-18° fairly hard water

18-30° hard water

>30° very hard water

Ammonia: It is produced by the metabolism of fish releasing it through the gills and by the decomposition of organic residues and excess food. At levels of 0.2 -1 mg/lt free-form nitrogen is toxic.

The more alkaline the pH the higher the nitrogen present in free form and therefore toxic. At values >0.2-1 mg/lt and pH 7.5-8.5it is advisable to make water changes of 25-50% to reduce nitrogen concentration and thus the risks of acute intoxication.

Nitrites: These are the waste substances of the nitrification process operated by nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosoma and Nitrobacter) from ammonia. High nitrite levels (>1.6 mg/lt)have lethal outcomes. The ideal concentration is 0-0.2 mg/lt.

Nitrates: They represent the last compound remaining from the transformation of nitrites by the nitrifying bacteria in the biological filter. They are much less toxic than nitrates but in any case must be kept in the range of 20-60 mg/lt. Aquatic plants thrive by using nitrates as nutrients and help to reduce the level of nitrates although the best method to avoid their accumulation is to make frequent water changes of the tank.

Phosphates: Derived mainly from fish feces especially if the feed is of low quality and is poorly digested. Other sources of phosphates are organic residues of excess feed, decaying plants and animals.

Dissolved oxygen: Must be maintained at a concentration > 5mg/lt even  when the density' of the population in the tank increases as well as when the temperature increases.

Need advice on the parameters of your pond or KOI koi pond?

DON'T WING IT: GET IN TOUCH WITH IL VETERINARIO DEI PESCI

THE AQUARIUM CORRECT SIZE

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THE CHOICE OF AQUARIUM SIZE IS TO BE RELATED TO AMOUNT OF FISH HOUSED AND THEIR SPECIFIC NEEDS.

THE BASIC RULE TO REFER TO IS THAT FOR EVERY CM OF FISH LENGTH THERE ARE 2 LITERS OF WATER. THIS IS A GENERAL RULE THAT MUST BE FOLLOWED BY APPROPRIATE CHECKS OF THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL VALUES OF THE AQUARIUM WATER TO SEE IF THE NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES PRODUCED BY THE HOST POPULATION ARE BEING PROPERLY DEGRADED BY THE FILTER OR ARE ACCUMULATING IN THE TANK CAUSING STRESS, WEAKENED IMMUNE DEFENSES AND THE MANIFESTATION OF DISEASE OR EVEN NITROGENOUS INTOXICATION.

DO YOU HAVE DOUBTS ABOUT HOW MANY FISH TO PUT IN YOUR AQUARIUM?

DON'T WING IT AND CONTACT THE FISH VETERINARIAN!